When encountering rock during the installation of a ground rod, at what maximum angle should the rod be driven?

When installing a ground rod, the maximum angle at which it should be driven is 45 degrees. This angle ensures that the ground rod maintains a sufficiently vertical position to effectively perform its function of grounding electrical systems. A ground rod must penetrate deeply into the earth to ensure a low-resistance path for fault currents and to enhance the overall grounding effectiveness.

If the rod is installed at an angle greater than 45 degrees, it may not adequately penetrate to the optimal depth or create a proper electrical connection with the surrounding soil, which can compromise grounding effectiveness. Angles steeper than 45 degrees, such as 60 degrees or 90 degrees, would further reduce penetration and potentially limit the rod's performance as a ground. Therefore, adhering to the 45-degree maximum angle while driving the rod helps to ensure both its structural integrity and its effectiveness in maintaining safety standards in electrical installations.